Japanese Verb Conjugation Guide for English Speakers: Every Form, Chart, and Common Mistake

Here is a fact that changes how most English speakers approach Japanese: Japanese has only two truly irregular verbs. Every other verb — thousands of them — follows one of two predictable patterns. Once you understand those patterns, every conjugation form you ever need becomes a matter of applying a rule rather than memorising a separate table.

This guide covers every verb form you need, organised in the order you should learn them. It includes charts, formation rules, common mistakes, and JLPT level breakdowns — so whether you are just starting with ます form or working through causative-passive for N2, this is your complete reference.

At a Glance

Why Japanese Verb Conjugation Is More Regular Than It Looks

Only two truly irregular verbs

In English, irregular verbs are everywhere: go/went, be/was/been, do/did/done. Japanese works very differently. Only する (to do) and くる (to come) behave irregularly. Every other Japanese verb belongs to one of two regular groups — and both groups follow fixed, learnable rules.

Godan and ichidan follow clear patterns

The two regular verb groups are called godan (五段, Group 1, often called U-verbs) and ichidan (一段, Group 2, often called RU-verbs). Each group changes endings in a consistent way across all conjugation forms. Learn the rule once, apply it everywhere.

Why English speakers find verb forms confusing

The challenge for English speakers is not the number of forms — it is the unfamiliarity of the categories. English encodes tense primarily through endings (walk/walked) and helpers (will walk, has walked). Japanese encodes not just tense but politeness level, aspect, permission, ability, obligation, and causation all through verb suffixes. The forms feel numerous because they are doing more work, not because the system is more chaotic.

How this guide is organised

This guide starts with the five forms every beginner needs, then moves through intermediate and advanced forms in learning-order sequence. Each section covers formation rules, key usage patterns, and the most common mistake English speakers make with that form. Charts and comparison tables appear throughout so you can use this as an ongoing reference.

The Three Japanese Verb Groups

Godan verbs (Group 1 / U-verbs)

Godan verbs (五段動詞) end in one of eight consonant sounds followed by the vowel u: く, ぐ, す, つ, ぬ, ぶ, む, or る (where the る follows a consonant). The name godan (five steps) comes from the fact that conjugation cycles through all five vowel rows of the Japanese syllabary. Examples: 書く (かく, to write), 飲む (のむ, to drink), 話す (はなす, to speak), 帰る (かえる, to return).

Ichidan verbs (Group 2 / RU-verbs)

Ichidan verbs (一段動詞) always end in る, where the syllable immediately before る contains an e or i vowel sound: 食べる (たべる, to eat), 見る (みる, to see), 起きる (おきる, to wake up). The name ichidan (one step) reflects that conjugation only ever changes the る ending — the stem stays the same across all forms.

Irregular verbs (する and くる)

Only two verbs are truly irregular: する (to do) and くる (to come). They must be memorised form by form. However, since する is the most common verb in Japanese (it converts nouns into verbs: 勉強する, 練習する, etc.) you will encounter it constantly and learn its forms quickly through exposure.

How to identify verb groups

Warning: Some verbs ending in iru/eru are actually godan, not ichidan. The most common traps: 帰る (return), 走る (run), 切る (cut), 知る (know), 入る (enter). These must be memorised as godan exceptions.

Common verb group mistakes

The most frequent error beginners make is treating 帰る (かえる, to return) as ichidan because it ends in える. It is godan. Similarly, 走る (はしる) looks ichidan but is godan. When in doubt, check a dictionary — most learner dictionaries label verb groups explicitly.

Why verb group matters for every conjugation

Every conjugation form in this guide has different rules for godan and ichidan verbs. Getting the group right from the start means every form you learn applies correctly. Getting it wrong means every form will be wrong.

The Forms You Should Learn First

Before diving into every form, here is the priority order for beginners:

1. Dictionary form — used in casual speech and before grammar patterns
2. ます form — the foundation of polite conversation
3. て form — the most structurally important form in the language
4. ない form — negation for everything
5. た form — plain past tense and related patterns

These five forms unlock the vast majority of everyday Japanese. Master them before moving to potential, passive, and causative.

Why these five forms unlock most beginner Japanese

With dictionary + ます + て + ない + た forms, you can make statements, ask questions, give instructions, express negation, describe sequences of actions, talk about the past, make requests, express ongoing states (ている), and ask for permission (てもいいですか). That is most of what a beginner needs for months.

Dictionary Form

What dictionary form is

The dictionary form (辞書形, じしょけい) is the base form of every verb — the form you find in dictionaries. It is also called the plain non-past form. All godan verbs end in an u-row sound: 書く, 飲む, 話す. Ichidan verbs end in る: 食べる, 見る.

When dictionary form is used

Dictionary form appears in: casual present/future statements (毎朝コーヒーを飲む = I drink coffee every morning), before grammar patterns (～つもり, ～はずだ, ～ことができる, ～前に), in definitions, and in written/formal registers where plain form is standard.

Dictionary form in casual speech

In casual speech between friends, dictionary form replaces ます form entirely. 行く instead of 行きます, 食べる instead of 食べます. This is the register you will hear in anime, between peers, and in many song lyrics.

Dictionary form before grammar patterns

Many grammar structures attach directly to the dictionary form: 行くつもりです (I intend to go), 食べる前に (before eating), 書くことができる (can write). Recognising that these structures follow dictionary form helps you parse and build sentences faster.

Common mistake: using dictionary form in formal contexts

Yuka

I told my Japanese teacher 明日学校に行く. Was that rude?

Rei

Yes, to a teacher you should say 明日学校に行きます. Dictionary form is casual — save it for friends and informal writing.

ます Form

What ます form is

The ます form (ます形, ますけい) is the polite non-past form of verbs. It is the form you will use in most real-world situations: with teachers, shopkeepers, colleagues, and anyone you are not on casual terms with.

How to make ます form

ます, ません, ました, ませんでした

Common mistake: mixing polite and casual forms

A common beginner error is mixing register in a single sentence — for example, 昨日図書館に行って、本を読んだです. The final だ/です after plain form is the collision point. In polite speech, keep all verbs in ます/です forms. In casual speech, drop ます entirely.

Verb Stem (ます Stem)

What the verb stem is

The verb stem (also called the ます stem or masu stem) is what remains when you remove ます from the ます form. It is the most versatile building block in Japanese grammar.

How to make the stem

書きます → 書き / 食べます → 食べ / します → し / きます → き

Stem + たい

[Verb stem] + たい = want to do. 食べたい (want to eat), 行きたい (want to go), 見たい (want to see). This is the standard first-person expression of desire for actions. Note: for wanting objects, use ほしい instead.

Stem + ながら

[Verb stem] + ながら = while doing. 音楽を聴きながら勉強する (study while listening to music). Both actions happen simultaneously, and the main action is the second verb.

Other uses of the stem

The stem also combines with: ～やすい/～にくい (easy/hard to do), ～すぎる (too much), ～方 (way of doing), ～始める/～続ける/～終わる (start/continue/finish doing), and is used to form compound nouns (読み方 = way of reading, 書き方 = way of writing).

て Form

What て form does

The て form is the connective backbone of Japanese. It links actions in sequence, forms requests, expresses states, asks for permission, and is the base for dozens of grammar patterns. Learning て form well is one of the highest-return investments a beginner can make.

How to make て form

Exception: 行く (いく, to go) → 行って (not 行いて). This is the only く-verb that breaks the いて rule.

てください

[て form] + ください = please do. 書いてください (please write), 待ってください (please wait), 食べてください (please eat). This is the standard polite request form for most situations.

てもいいです

[て form] + もいいです = it is okay to do / you may do. 食べてもいいです (you may eat). As a question: 入ってもいいですか (may I come in?). This is the standard way to ask for or give permission.

てはいけません

[て form] + はいけません = must not do / not allowed to do. 入ってはいけません (you must not enter). In casual speech: 入ってはだめ or 入っちゃだめ.

ている

[て form] + いる expresses either an ongoing action (今本を読んでいる = I am reading a book now) or a resulting state that continues (窓が開いている = the window is open [and remains open]). Which meaning applies depends on whether the verb is a process verb (action) or a change-of-state verb.

Common mistake: memorising て form without usage

Yuka

I can make all the て forms perfectly but I still can’t use them in real sentences.

Rei

That’s the trap — て form alone does nothing. Pair each formation rule with a pattern: てください, てもいいですか, ている. Practice the pattern, not the form in isolation.

ない Form

What ない form is

The ない form is the plain negative form of a verb. It is the casual equivalent of ません, and is also the base for several important grammar patterns.

How to make ない form

Important う-verb rule: When a godan verb ends in う, the a-row equivalent is wa (わ), not a (あ). So 買う (かう) → 買わない, not 買あない.

ないでください

[ない form] + でください = please do not. 入らないでください (please don’t enter). This is the standard polite negative request.

なければなりません

[ない form, remove い] + ければなりません = must do / have to do. 食べなければなりません (I have to eat). The casual contraction is なきゃ: 食べなきゃ. Note: なければ comes from the conditional form of ない.

なくてもいいです

[ない form, change い to く] + てもいいです = do not have to do / it is okay not to do. 食べなくてもいいです (you don’t have to eat). This is the negative counterpart of てもいいです.

Common mistake: confusing ないで and なくて

Both ないで and なくて are negative て forms, but they function differently. ないで means “do [the main action] without doing X” or “please don’t do X”: 朝ご飯を食べないで学校に行った (I went to school without eating breakfast). なくて expresses cause or reason: お金がなくて、買えなかった (because I didn’t have money, I couldn’t buy it). The test: if you can replace it with “without doing,” use ないで; if you can replace it with “because not,” use なくて.

た Form

What た form is

The た form is the plain past affirmative form. Its formation rules are identical to the て form — just swap て/で for た/だ. If you can make て form, you already know た form.

How to make た form

Apply the same rules as て form, replacing て with た and で with だ: 書く → 書いた, 泳ぐ → 泳いだ, 食べる → 食べた, 飲む → 飲んだ, 話す → 話した, する → した, くる → きた.

たことがある

[た form] + ことがある = have experienced doing / have done before. 富士山に登ったことがある (I have climbed Mt. Fuji). This is the standard “have you ever” pattern in Japanese.

たほうがいい

[た form] + ほうがいい = you should do / it would be better to do. 早く寝たほうがいい (you should sleep early). For negative advice: 食べないほうがいい (you shouldn’t eat that).

Common mistake: treating た as only simple past

た form is not just simple past. It appears in たことがある (experience), たほうがいい (advice), たら conditional (if/when X happened), たばかり (just did), and more. Treat た as a base for patterns, not just a past tense marker.

Potential Form

What potential form means

The potential form (可能形, かのうけい) expresses ability or possibility: “can do,” “is able to do.” 日本語が話せる = I can speak Japanese.

How to make potential form

Ra-nuki (ら抜き) speech: In casual spoken Japanese, many ichidan potential forms drop the ら: 食べられる → 食べれる, 見られる → 見れる. This is widely used in speech but considered non-standard in formal writing.

できる vs potential form

できる is the potential form of する, but it is also used standalone for general ability: 泳ぐことができる = 泳げる (can swim). Both are correct. できる is slightly more formal; the conjugated potential form is more common in casual speech.

見える vs 見られる; 聞こえる vs 聞ける

見える (みえる) = can see / is visible (naturally, without effort). 見られる (みられる) = can watch / able to see (with the ability to do so). 富士山が見える (Mt. Fuji is visible) vs 映画が見られる (I can watch the movie). Similarly, 聞こえる = can be heard (naturally), 聞ける = able to listen (ability). These distinctions matter in real usage.

Common mistake: overusing できる

English speakers sometimes translate “I can” as できる for all verbs. For non-する verbs, the conjugated potential form (書ける, 飲める) sounds more natural than 書くことができる in casual contexts.

Passive Form

What passive form means

The passive form (受け身形, うけみけい) indicates that the subject receives the action of a verb. Japanese passive differs significantly from English passive — particularly with the indirect suffering passive, which has no clean English equivalent.

How to make passive form

Note for ichidan verbs: Passive 食べられる and potential 食べられる are identical in form. Context — particularly the particles used (に marks the agent in passive; が marks the experiencer in potential) — disambiguates them.

Direct passive

In direct passive, the thing receiving the action becomes the subject: 先生に褒められた (I was praised by the teacher). The agent (teacher) is marked by に.

Indirect suffering passive (迷惑の受け身)

The suffering passive (迷惑の受け身, めいわくのうけみ) is distinctly Japanese. The speaker is negatively affected by someone else’s action, even when they are not the direct object: 雨に降られた (I was rained on — the rain fell and it affected me negatively). 友達に来られて、勉強できなかった (My friend came over [unexpectedly] and I couldn’t study). There is no clean English translation — the grammar encodes inconvenience or suffering.

Yuka

Why does 犬に噛まれた mean “I was bitten by the dog” — isn’t the dog the one who bit?

Rei

Exactly right. The dog did the biting (に marks the agent), but you are the subject — you received that action. Japanese passive puts the affected person as the topic or subject.

Passive in formal writing

Japanese uses passive frequently in formal and academic writing, often to sound objective or impersonal. 〜と考えられる (it is thought that…), 〜と言われる (it is said that…) are classic examples in news and academic texts.

Common mistake: copying English passive too much

English speakers often over-use passive because “The book was written by Natsume Soseki” maps neatly to 夏目漱石によって書かれた. But many English passives translate more naturally into Japanese active sentences with は/が structure. Use passive intentionally for suffering, formality, or when the affected subject matters.

Causative Form

What causative form means

The causative form (使役形, しえきけい) expresses making or letting someone do something. Whether it means “force” or “allow” depends on context.

How to make causative form

Making someone do something (〜させる)

先生は学生に宿題をやらせた (The teacher made the students do homework). The person being caused to act is marked with に or を depending on whether the verb is transitive or intransitive.

Letting someone do something (〜させてあげる)

[causative] + てあげる = let someone do (as a favour to them). 子供に好きな物を食べさせてあげた (I let the child eat what they liked). The addition of あげる shifts the nuance from “make” to “allow” as a gift.

Common mistake: confusing させる direction

English speakers sometimes produce sentences like 私は母に宿題をさせた intending “My mother made me do homework.” But this says “I made my mother do homework.” In causative sentences, the grammatical subject (は/が) is the one who causes. The one being made to act is marked with に/を.

Causative-Passive Form

What causative-passive means

The causative-passive form (使役受け身形) means “to be made to do something.” It typically carries a nuance of reluctance, inconvenience, or compulsion. This is an N2-level form but appears frequently in everyday speech about obligations.

How to make causative-passive form

Apply passive form to the causative: causative (させる) → させられる.

Being made to do something

毎日残業させられた (I was made to work overtime every day — and I resented it). 嫌いな野菜を食べさせられた (I was made to eat vegetables I hated). The form consistently encodes that the speaker did not choose to do the action.

Common mistake: confusing causative and passive

Beginners sometimes mix up させる (causative — I make/let others do) and される (passive — I receive an action from others) and させられる (causative-passive — I am made to do). Keeping the direction of agency clear is key: who is acting on whom?

Volitional Form

What volitional form means

The volitional form (意向形, いこうけい) expresses “let’s do” or a speaker’s intention to do something. In polite speech it appears as ましょう. In plain speech it uses a different vowel shift.

How to make volitional form

〜ようと思う

[Volitional] + と思う = I think I will do / I am thinking of doing. 来週日本に行こうと思う (I’m thinking of going to Japan next week). This expresses a tentative intention or a decision the speaker is considering.

〜ようとする

[Volitional] + とする = to try to do / to be about to do. ドアを開けようとしたが、開かなかった (I tried to open the door, but it wouldn’t open). This expresses an attempt or near-action.

Common mistake: confusing volitional and intention

〜ようと思う (thinking of doing — uncertain/tentative) and つもりだ (firm intention / plan) are often confused. Use ようと思う when you are considering something or have just decided. Use つもり when the plan is more settled: 来年日本に行くつもりだ (I plan to go to Japan next year).

Imperative and Prohibitive Forms

Command forms

The imperative form (命令形, めいれいけい) is the blunt command form. Godan: change u-sound to e-sound (書け!, 飲め!, 話せ!). Ichidan: remove る, add ろ or よ (食べろ!, 見ろ!). Irregular: しろ!, こい!

な prohibition

To command someone not to do something, attach な directly to the dictionary form: 行くな! (Don’t go!), 食べるな! (Don’t eat that!). This is extremely blunt.

When these forms sound rough

Both imperative and な prohibition are very rough register. They are used by parents to children, coaches to athletes, or between close male friends. In most adult social situations, they come across as aggressive or rude.

Safer alternatives for learners

For requests and instructions, use: てください (please do), てもらえますか (could you please do?), or なさい (for mild parental instruction). For prohibition: ないでください (please don’t) or てはいけません (must not). These cover all practical situations without the rough edge.

Anime and manga warning

Anime and manga use imperative and な prohibition constantly — characters shout 行けー! and やめろ! frequently. This creates a false impression that these forms are normal speech. They are normal for drama. Using them in real life will startle people.

Conditional Verb Forms

たら

たら is the most versatile conditional. Formed from た form + ら. It covers “when/if X happens” and can refer to completed conditions (when something is done): 家に帰ったら電話してください (When you get home, please call me). Works for hypotheticals too: もっとお金があったら旅行したい (If I had more money, I’d travel).

ば

ば (the ba-conditional) is formed by changing the u-sound of godan verbs to e-sound + ば (書けば), or removing る from ichidan and adding れば (食べれば). It often implies that the condition is sufficient for the result: 行けばわかる (If you go, you’ll understand). It appears frequently in proverbs and formal writing.

と

と conditional (dictionary form + と) expresses an inevitable, automatic, or natural result: 右に曲がると、駅が見える (If you turn right, you’ll see the station). It is typically used for directions, instructions, and natural cause-effect. It cannot be used for intentional actions in the result clause.

なら

なら is used when responding to or building on information just received: 日本語を勉強するなら、ひらがなから始めたほうがいい (If you’re going to study Japanese, it’s better to start with hiragana). It implies “given that that’s the case” or “speaking of.”

How conditional forms differ

Verb Form Comparison Guide

ている vs てある

ている: describes an ongoing action or a resulting state (窓が開いている = the window is open (resulting state)). てある: describes a state resulting from a deliberate action left in place (窓が開けてある = the window has been opened [and left that way intentionally]). てある always implies someone did something on purpose; ている is neutral on intent.

ておく vs てある

ておく: do something in advance / do and leave it ready (明日のために準備しておく = prepare in advance for tomorrow). てある: describes the resulting state after such preparation. ておく focuses on the action of doing in advance; てある focuses on the resulting state.

てしまう vs ちゃう

てしまう: expresses completion with regret or unintentional completion (宿題を忘れてしまった = I unfortunately forgot my homework; 全部食べてしまった = I ended up eating everything). ちゃう/じゃう: casual contracted form of てしまう (忘れちゃった). Same meaning, more conversational register.

ないで vs なくて

ないで: do X without doing Y / please don’t do Y. 朝ご飯を食べないで出かけた (I left without eating breakfast). なくて: because of not doing / not being the case. お金がなくて困っている (I’m in trouble because I don’t have money). Test: “without doing” = ないで; “because not” = なくて.

られる vs できる

Both express ability. られる (potential form of ichidan verbs): 食べられる, 見られる. できる: potential of する, or ことができる pattern for all verbs. In casual speech, できる sounds slightly more formal/bookish when used for non-する verbs; the conjugated potential form is preferred: 泳げる > 泳ぐことができる in casual contexts.

ましょう vs ましょうか

ましょう: “Let’s do” — speaker includes themselves in the invitation. 行きましょう (Let’s go). ましょうか: “Shall I do” or “Shall we do?” — offering to do something for someone or proposing. 手伝いましょうか (Shall I help you?). The か makes it a question/offer rather than a declaration.

ようと思う vs つもり

ようと思う: tentative intention, just decided, or considering. 来週から運動しようと思う (I’m thinking of starting to exercise next week). つもり: firm plan or settled intention. 来年日本に行くつもりだ (I plan to go to Japan next year). つもり also has a secondary meaning of “I consider myself to be” (運動しているつもりだ = I consider myself to be exercising [though maybe others disagree]).

Verb Conjugation by JLPT Level

Common Verb Conjugation Mistakes English Speakers Make

Misidentifying godan and ichidan verbs

Treating 帰る, 走る, 知る as ichidan leads to wrong conjugations in every form. Check these common godan exceptions in a dictionary until you have memorised them. There are only a few dozen truly ambiguous verbs.

Forgetting irregular verbs

Beginners sometimes try to apply godan or ichidan rules to する and くる. しない, できる, して, しよう, させる, される — all must be memorised separately. The good news: there are only two, and you will use them so frequently they become automatic.

Mixing polite and casual forms

Using dictionary form verb + です (食べるです) is a common intermediate mistake. In polite speech, use 食べます. In casual speech, drop です entirely. 食べるです does not exist as a natural form.

Using て form incorrectly

Yuka

I said 行くてください. My teacher looked confused.

Rei

て form of 行く is 行って — not 行くて. The dictionary form never directly attaches to て. You must conjugate first: 行ってください.

Confusing passive and potential

For ichidan verbs, passive and potential forms are identical: 食べられる can mean “can eat” (potential) or “is eaten” (passive). Read the particles: が食べられる (potential — can eat) vs に食べられる (passive — eaten by). Context is your guide.

Overusing English-style passive

Not all English passives translate to Japanese passive. “This book is sold everywhere” is more naturally この本はどこでも売っている than この本はどこでも売られている. When something is simply a state, ている often works better.

Avoiding output practice

The biggest mistake is studying conjugation tables without using the forms in sentences. Verb forms only become automatic through repetition in context. Write example sentences. Say them aloud. Use them in conversation. The goal is not to recognise forms — it is to produce them without thinking.

Verb Conjugation Charts

Godan verb conjugation chart: 書く (かく, to write)

Ichidan verb conjugation chart: 食べる (たべる, to eat)

Irregular verb chart: する and くる

て form quick reference chart

Potential/passive/causative comparison chart

Japanese Verb Conjugation Practice

Start with one verb group

Pick five godan verbs you actually use (飲む, 書く, 話す, 聞く, 行く) and drill every form for those five verbs before moving to ichidan. Depth before breadth. Once you internalise the godan pattern with real verbs, the pattern generalises automatically.

Drill one form at a time

Do not try to learn all forms simultaneously. Spend a week on て form alone — formation and usage in てください, ている, てもいいですか. Then move to ない form. Stack forms on the ones you already know. This sequenced approach builds a solid foundation rather than a fragile overview.

Use real sentences, not isolated forms

書いて by itself means nothing in practice. 手紙を書いてください (Please write a letter) is real. Make example sentences that you would actually say or hear. Write them down. Review them. The form sticks because the meaning sticks.

Say the forms aloud

Japanese verb forms have rhythms and sounds that become intuitive with speaking practice. If 書いた sounds right and 書くた sounds wrong to your ear, you no longer need to consciously apply the rule — your ear does the work. This takes exposure time, but it is the goal.

Quick Quiz: Verb Conjugation

Test yourself — answers below.

1. What is the て form of 飲む?
2. What is the ない form of 買う?
3. What is the passive form of 書く?
4. Which form: 食べ____ことがある (have you ever eaten…)?
5. What is the causative-passive of 飲む in its contracted spoken form?

Answers: 1. 飲んで — 2. 買わない (not 買あない — う verbs use わ) — 3. 書かれる — 4. 食べた (たことがある) — 5. 飲まされる

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Japanese Potential Form: られる vs できる (Can You…?) Learn how to say 'can' in Japanese using the potential form られる/れる and できる. Includes conjugation rules, particle shift (を→が), and ら抜き explained.

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Japanese Conditionals: と vs ば vs たら vs なら — Complete Guide 📖 At a GlanceTopicJapanese conditionals: と, ば, たら, ならLevelN4–N3Key ruleEach form encodes a different relationship between condition and resultB...

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How to Study Japanese Grammar Without Memorizing Rules: A Practical System for English Speakers A 7-step practical system for studying Japanese grammar through real examples and context rather than rote rule memorization. Includes the 15-minute grammar study protocol, grammar card format, comparison tables, and a level-by-level guide from N5 to N1.

✏️ Want to check if your grammar sounds natural? Practice these patterns with a Japanese teacher on italki — get real feedback on your sentences.

About the Author

Daisuke is the creator of JP YoKoSo — a Japanese learning site for English speakers. Every article is written to explain Japanese clearly, with real examples, grammar notes, and practical tips for learners at every level.

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